{"id":201,"date":"2015-07-25T00:37:27","date_gmt":"2015-07-25T00:37:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kurzweilai.net\/?p=257453"},"modified":"2015-07-27T22:00:39","modified_gmt":"2015-07-27T22:00:39","slug":"super-elastic-conducting-fibers-for-artificial-muscles-sensors-capacitors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoo.central12.com\/fugic\/2015\/07\/25\/super-elastic-conducting-fibers-for-artificial-muscles-sensors-capacitors\/","title":{"rendered":"Super-elastic conducting fibers for artificial muscles, sensors, capacitors"},"content":{"rendered":"
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UT Dallas scientists have constructed novel fibers by wrapping sheets of tiny carbon nanotubes to form a sheath around a long rubber core. This illustration shows complex two-dimensional buckling, shown in yellow, of the carbon nanotube sheath\/rubber-core fiber. The buckling results in a conductive fiber with super elasticity and novel electronic properties. (credit: UT Dallas Alan G. MacDiarmid Nanotech Institute)<\/p><\/div>\n

An international research team based at The University of Texas at Dallas<\/a> has made electrically conducting fibers that can be reversibly stretched to more than 14 times their initial length and whose electrical conductivity increases 200-fold when stretched<\/span>.<\/p>\n

The research team is using the new fibers to make artificial muscles, as well as capacitors with energy storage capacity that increases about tenfold when the fibers are stretched.<\/p>\n

Fibers and cables derived from the invention might one day be used as interconnects for super-elastic electronic circuits, robots and exoskeletons having great reach, morphing aircraft, giant-range strain sensors, failure-free pacemaker leads, and super-stretchy charger cords for electronic devices.<\/p>\n

Wrapping carbon nanotube sheets into fibers<\/strong><\/p>\n

In a study published in the July 24 issue of the journal Science<\/em>, the scientists describe how they constructed the fibers by wrapping lighter-than-air, electrically conductive sheets of tiny carbon nanotubes<\/a> to form a jelly-roll-like sheath around a long rubber core.<\/p>\n

The new fibers differ from conventional materials in several ways. For example, when conventional fibers are stretched, the resulting increase in length and decrease in cross-sectional area restricts the flow of electrons through the material. But even a \u201cgiant\u201d stretch of the new conducting sheath-core fibers causes little change in their electrical resistance, said Dr. Ray Baughman<\/a>, senior author of the paper and director of the\u00a0Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute<\/a> at UT Dallas.<\/p>\n

One key to the performance of the new conducting elastic fibers is the introduction of buckling into the carbon nanotube sheets. Because the rubber core is stretched along its length as the sheets are being wrapped around it, when the wrapped rubber relaxes, the carbon nanofibers form a complex buckled structure, which allows for repeated stretching of the fiber.<\/p>\n

\u201cThink of the buckling that occurs when an accordion is compressed, which makes the inelastic material of the accordion stretchable,\u201d said Baughman, the Robert A. Welch Distinguished Chair in Chemistry at UT Dallas.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe make the inelastic carbon nanotube sheaths of our sheath-core fibers super stretchable by modulating large buckles with small buckles, so that the elongation of both buckle types can contribute to elasticity. These amazing fibers maintain the same electrical resistance, even when stretched by giant amounts, because electrons can travel over such a hierarchically buckled sheath as easily as they can traverse a straight sheath.\u201d<\/p>\n

Radical electronic and mechanical devices possible
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By adding a thin overcoat of rubber to the sheath-core fibers and then another carbon nanotube sheath, the researchers made strain sensors and artificial muscles in which the buckled nanotube sheaths serve as electrodes and the thin rubber layer is a dielectric, resulting in a fiber capacitor. These fiber capacitors exhibited the unrivaled capacitance change of 860 percent when the fiber was stretched 950 percent.<\/p>\n

Adding twist to these double-sheath fibers resulted in fast, electrically powered torsional \u2014 or rotating \u2014 artificial muscles that could be used to rotate mirrors in optical circuits or pump liquids in miniature devices used for chemical analysis. The conducting elastomers can be fabricated in diameters ranging from the very small \u2014 about 150 microns, or twice the width of a human hair \u2014 to much larger sizes, depending on the size of the rubber core. Individual small fibers also can be combined into large bundles and plied together like yarn or rope,\u201d according to the researchers.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis technology could be well-suited for rapid commercialization,\u201d said Dr. Raquel Ovalle-Robles<\/a> MS\u201906 PhD\u201908, an author on the paper and chief research and intellectual properties strategist at Lintec of America\u2019s Nano-Science & Technology Center.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe rubber cores used for these sheath-core fibers are inexpensive and readily available,\u201d she said. \u201cThe only exotic component is the carbon nanotube aerogel sheet used for the fiber sheath.\u201d<\/p>\n