An amateur astronomer's plans for a camping vacation two years ago transformed into a possible crater find in Canada's north.
Amateur astronomer Joël Lapointe, using Google Maps to figure out his route for the 2024 vacation, saw some odd terrain in Quebec's Côte-Nord region centered on Lake Marsal. Lapointe suspected it was an impact crater from a meteorite, and made a report on Impact Earth — a crowdsourcing website for craters with Canada's Western University in London, Ontario near Toronto. Western planetary geologist Gordon Osinski made a visit to the region in 2025, provisionally not only confirming the crater, but saying it's probably one of the biggest discovered in recent years. The 390-million-year old feature is roughly 15 miles (25 kilometers) wide.
In an email interview with Space.com while on travel in Scotland, Osinski — known as "Oz" by the space community — said to his knowledge the last discovery of that scale was the approximately 31-km (19-mile) Hiawatha structure, also possibly a crater, spotted in Greenland in 2018. "However, that structure is completely buried by ice, so its diameter is uncertain and there is still some controversy about its origin," Oz said.
But in the case of the new crater, called Uhackatik with approval from the Innu Council of Ekuanitshit in whose traditional lands the crater lies, there is no doubt at all where the crater came from. Oz's expedition to the area revealed "shock metamorphic effects", which are deformations to the rocks induced by the shock waves and heating produced by a meteorite impact.
"Impact melt rocks are like they sound: large volumes of rock that are melted by the impact event, but then cool and crystallize to look a lot like volcanic rocks," he said. "Finding these preserved — as they are usually some of the first parts of a crater to be eroded — was a big surprise."
While most of the features are microscopic, Oz said in the field he and his collaborators could easily see "shatter cones", which are branching features in rock layers produced by the shockwave of impact. The research is not yet peer-reviewed, but it will be presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society in Frankfurt, Germany in August.
A shatter cone seen in rocks found at the center of the structure (left); melt rock found 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) west of the structure's center. (Image credit: Gattacceca, J. et al.)
While 400-million-year-old impact craters on Earth are hard to find, as geologic activity as well as erosion change their features over time, the precious evidence is helpful for scientists to better understand meteorite impacts on the moon, Mars and other rocky extraterrestrial bodies.
In terms of age, Oz noted, the moon's prominent Tycho crater best represents what Uhackatik probably looked like 390 million years ago. But On Earth, one of the best comparisons to Uhackatik is a moon-like crater used to help the Artemis II astronauts get ready for their moon mission this year.
That Earth crater is called Kamestastin (also known as Mistastin) in northern Labrador, Canada. Oz regularly runs expeditions there in consultation with the Mushuau Innu First Nation, as the crater lies within their traditional hunting grounds. Kamestastin includes anorthosite, a common mineral found in craters at the moon's south pole, where NASA hopes to land astronauts under the US-led Artemis program.
"For comparative craters [to Uhackatik], Kamestastin is actually a great one as the size is very similar," Oz said. "Kamestastin is well-preserved and I've worked there a lot … so in my mind, I was using Kamestastin as a template for exploring this new potential crater."
To fully confirm Uhackatik's extraterrestrial origin, Oz and collaborators are examining samples microscopically for more evidence of shock effects, such as chemistry indicating a high-temperature melt, or deformation effects in the quartz. In the meantime, Oz's lunar work with NASA continues: he will be part of the geology teams supporting the moon-landing astronauts during the Artemis 4 and 5 missions, which will touch down as soon as 2028.
For the first time, astronomers have reconstructed the magnetic field of an entire cluster of galaxies, from its central nucleus to its outer limits.
The record-breaking achievement is the product of the deepest-ever observations of the galaxy cluster Abell 2255, located around a billion light-years away — and those observations are thanks to the European radio telescope LOFAR (Low Frequency Array).
Abell 2255has long been known for its complexity in radio waves. Its vast, diffuse radio emissions are created by particles called electrons racing at near-light, or relativistic, speeds and interacting with magnetic fields of galaxies in the cluster. Thus, using Abell 2255 as a cosmic laboratory to study the universe in radio waves could lead scientists to a better understanding of how magnetic fields come about and evolve. These observations could also help paint a picture of the dynamics of hot gas in galaxy clusters. This could reveal how the largest structures in the universe are constructed.
As part of the LOFAR Galaxy Cluster Ultra-Deep Field project, thisteam used 224 hours of radio image collection to discover that the distribution of large-scale magnetic fields throughout Abell 2255 (which itself stretches out for several million light-years) are not randomly distributed. Instead, these magnetic fields seem to be organized by the motion of gas that occurred during the formation of this galactic cluster.
"Obtaining very sensitive images of galaxy clusters at radio wavelengths is crucial to understanding how electrons are accelerated to relativistic speeds and magnetic fields are amplified on large cosmic scales," team leader Andrea Botteon, of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), said in a statement. "The complexity of these studies is due to the elusiveness of the radio signal from electrons moving in very weak magnetic fields. We believe that the mechanism that 'turns on' these gigantic radio emissions is linked to the formation process of galaxy clusters."
Botteon added that for this research he and his colleagues combined the deepest radio observations ever made with an innovative data analysis technique that allowed them to reconstruct the shape of a galaxy cluster's magnetic field for the first time.
"The coherence of the magnetic field lines observed in some regions of the cluster suggests that the morphology of the field is intimately linked to the dynamics of the gas in which it resides, where it can be 'stretched' or 'compressed' by the motions associated with the formation of the cluster itself," Botteon said.
The invisible texture of the magnetic field in the central region of the galaxy cluster Abell 2255. (Image credit: A. Botteon et al. (INAF), A&A 2026)
This analysis revealed that, in some regions, the magnetic fields follow very specific directions, stretching radially along extended radio emissions. In contrast to this, in regions dominated byshock waves, magnetic fields are orientated at tangents. This suggests magnetic fields in Abell 2255 are carved out by the same dynamics that allow clusters to accrete gas and grow.
This serves as the first observational evidence that the same mechanisms that allow galaxies to grow and cluster, creating thelargest structures in the universe, also shape their magnetic fields.
The team's research has been accepted for publication in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics and is available as a pre-peer-reviewed paper on the repository sitearXiv.
Separated by billions of miles and shaped by very different environments, Saturn's smoggy moon Titan and the dwarf planet Pluto have, on paper, little in common.
Titan is a geologically active world cloaked in an atmosphere denser than Earth's, its landscape shaped by seas of liquid methane and vast dunes built from organic particles that rain out of its skies. Pluto, by contrast, is a frigid outpost with a tenuous atmosphere hovering above an icy, frozen surface.
Yet, observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed these two disparate worlds share an identical, unexplained infrared signature on their surfaces — a sign that similar chemistry may be unfolding on both worlds despite their stark differences, scientists say.
Detailed in a new study, the feature appears at precisely the same infrared wavelength on both Titan and Pluto, indicating that it absorbs light identically on both worlds. The signal points to the presence of an unknown compound, or a family of related compounds, that scientists have yet to identify.
"It's rather mysterious," Bruno Bézard, a planetary scientist at the Paris Observatory who led the discovery, told Space.com. "We cannot say what it is."
Chasing the signal
Bézard first spotted the unexplained feature while analyzing Titan observations from November 2022, when JWST gathered infrared light leaking through the haze in very specific, narrow wavelength bands, allowing scientists to peer directly through the otherwise opaque atmosphere.
To make sense of this light, researchers rely on spectroscopy, a technique used to identify compounds by the specific wavelengths of light they absorb. Because every molecule leaves behind a unique spectral fingerprint that telescopes can detect, astronomers can routinely identify substances across the solar system and beyond, ranging from simple water ice to complex molecules.
But the newly detected feature neither matches any of the standard library spectra cataloged so far, nor does it appear to be a fluke of the hardware, the study notes. The exact same absorption feature was detected by two different JWST instruments — the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) and the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) — ruling out the possibility of an instrumental artifact.
After failing to find a match with the cataloged spectral fingerprints of the simplest and most common planetary ices, Bézard wondered whether another world with similar atmospheric chemistry might hold a clue. He turned to his colleague Emmanuel Lellouch of the Paris Observatory, who had led a JWST program that had observed Pluto in May 2023.
"I asked him, 'Do you also have a signature [on Pluto] at this exact wavelength?'" Bézard recalled in the interview with Space.com. "So we looked, and we found that it is present there."
The ground truth
There is no evidence that the mystery molecule is a biosignature, Bézard said. Instead, it likely reflects the kind of prebiotic chemistry that has been operating in Titan's oxygen-free environment for more than 4 billion years.
One compelling possibility is that it belongs to a family of hydrocarbons known as allenes, which the study notes are essentially the only organic compounds known to exhibit strong absorption bands within the same 5-micron infrared range as the mystery signal.
But the allene family contains many complex variations for which complete spectra do not yet exist, Bézard said. Alternatively, the signature could belong to a known molecule whose spectral fingerprint has shifted, potentially because it is mixed with other planetary ices that have not yet been fully cataloged.
"We only have spectra for the simplest of them," Bézard said. "But it is possible that within this family you could find one or several compounds which are present together and make such an absorption feature."
Whatever the compound ultimately proves to be, he and his team believe it forms in the atmosphere through photochemical reactions before eventually "snowing" down onto the surface.
Despite their stark differences, both Titan and Pluto possess atmospheres dominated by nitrogen and methane. Scientists know from spacecraft observations and lab simulations that in the upper reaches of the planets' atmospheres, ultraviolet sunlight breaks these molecules apart, triggering a cascade of highly reactive chemical fragments. These fragments then reassemble into complex organic compounds, some of which condense and snow back down onto the surface below, which is where the JWST detected them.
A couple of different lines of evidence support this atmosphere-to-surface pipeline. First, the team analyzed how the signal behaved across Titan's disk. As the JWST scanned Titan from the center of its circular face toward its outer edge, or limb, the mysterious signal steadily weakened, the study notes.
"This is what you expect if it comes from the surface," said Bézard.
Because of the three-dimensional geometry of looking at a sphere, a signal coming from a flat surface will appear strongest at the center and grow fainter near the edge, where the angle of view through the atmosphere becomes longer and more obscured. This specific dimming trait was not shared by atmospheric carbon monoxide the team checked, which remained essentially unchanged from center to limb, Bézard said, which helped the team infer that this mystery molecule likely resides on the ground.
An image showing Pluto and its moon Charon in the back. (Image credit: NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)
Pluto offered an independent line of evidence to back up this surface theory. Its near-vacuum atmosphere is physically too thin and sparse to generate an absorption feature of the observed depth, Bézard said, leaving the dwarf planet's solid surface as the only plausible source for the deep signature.
To further test their atmospheric-origin hypothesis, the team studied JWST observations of Jupiter's moon Ganymede. Because Ganymede lacks a nitrogen-methane atmosphere, it cannot run the same photochemical engine like Titan and Pluto do. Sure enough, the researchers found no trace of the mysterious feature, lending additional support to the theory that the compound is uniquely tied to the chemistry of nitrogen and methane skies.
Mapping Titan's surface
More clarity may arrive in the coming months. Researchers are currently analyzing newer JWST observations that provide a more complete view of Titan as it rotates. The data will allow the team to map the mysterious infrared signature across the moon's surface and determine whether it is associated with specific geologic features, such as Titan's vast organic-rich dune fields, which are continually replenished by a slow drizzle of complex particles produced in the atmosphere, Bézard said.
Further clues may have to wait for NASA's Dragonfly mission, a car-sized rotorcraft expected to launch in 2028 and arrive at Titan in the mid-2030s.
Although Dragonfly does not carry an infrared spectrometer to replicate JWST's light measurements, its onboard mass spectrometer will allow it to "taste" organic molecules across the various geologically interesting areas the spacecraft will fly to. By revealing which compounds are actually present on Titan's surface, the mission could give scientists a shortlist of candidates to replicate in laboratories back on Earth to see if they match the traits of the mystery molecule, Bézard said.
"It's always exciting when you discover something that was not seen before," Bézard said. "It's really the nicest part of our job."
The new study was accepted for publication in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.
Half a century after first putting hardware down on Mars, NASA is looking to explore the Red Planet's skies.
On July 20, 1976, the Viking 1 lander touched down in the western reaches of Chryse Planitia (the "Golden Plain"), a large circular landform that lies 22.5 degrees north of the Martian equator.
It was the first-ever Mars landing for NASA. Viking 1, along with its twin Viking 2, went on to conduct the first fully successful mission on the Red Planet's surface. (The Soviet Union's Mars 3 probe survived its touchdown attempt on Dec. 2, 1971 but died less than two minutes later.) And those missions have left a rich and intriguing legacy.
The first color image ever captured on the surface of Mars. NASA's Viking 1 lander took this photo on July 21, 1976. (Image credit: NASA)
Viking 1 and Viking 2 — which touched down in a different Red Planet region on Sept. 3, 1976 — were sent to the surface to search for signs of life on Mars. (Each mission also featured an orbiter, which studied the planet from above.)
The landers did this using three different experiments, two of which returned negative results. But the third, called Labeled Release (LR), was different. LR observed a steady stream of carbon dioxide gas coming from dirt into which it had introduced nutrients — a possible sign of microbial metabolism.
Some scientists deemed the LR results a likely life detection. But most disagreed, ascribing them to abiotic reactions and stressing that, overall, the Viking data paint a picture of a dead planet.
That disagreement illustrates one of the main legacies of the Viking program: It showed researchers that hunting for extraterrestrial life is a complicated business, and they needed to learn more about Mars before attempting the search again on the Red Planet.
NASA didn't send a surface craft to Mars for another two decades, a hiatus caused in part by the Vikings' ambiguous results and high price tag, as well as a shifting of funds to the nascent space shuttle program.
The dry spell was broken in July 1997, when the agency's Pathfinder lander touched down in Chryse Planitia, about 530 miles (850 kilometers) from Viking 1. The main goals of Pathfinder's mission were to demonstrate a new "faster, better, cheaper" method of Mars exploration, prove out a new airbag-based landing system and get a mobile robot onto the red dirt.
Pathfinder achieved all of these objectives, notching the third by deploying a small rover named Sojourner. The little wheeled robot stumbled across rounded pebbles — strong evidence that they had been exposed to flowing water.
This discovery helped shape a new NASA Mars exploration strategy, one that aims to make an informed search for alien life after "following the water." Life as we know it depends on water, so the agency built rovers designed to hunt for signs of past liquid water and potentially habitable environments.
The twin golf-cart-sized rovers Spirit and Opportunity landed in 2004, and the car-sized Curiosity followed suit in August 2012. Then came Perseverance, which landed inside Mars' Jezero Crater in February 2021.
All of these wheeled explorers found evidence of past aqueous environments. Curiosity and Perseverance — with their more extensive and sophisticated scientific payloads — delved even deeper, discovering complex organic molecules that may have been produced by life as we know it.
The two latter rovers are continuing their work; both remain active on the Red Planet. (Pathfinder and Sojourner operated for about three months; Spirit was declared dead in 2010 and Opportunity fell victim to a Mars dust storm in 2018.)
Perseverance has collected a variety of Mars samples, which NASA wants to return to Earth for detailed study. As the Vikings' experience suggests, such a level of intense scrutiny may be necessary to make a definitive detection of life on Mars, if it indeed exists. (Getting those samples home is not a foregone conclusion, however; NASA's original plan was deemed too expensive, and it's now looking into a new return strategy.)
Perseverance also carried a little robotic companion, which heralded a new phase of Red Planet exploration — the Ingenuity helicopter.
Ingenuity was a technology demonstration, designed to show that rotorcraft could effectively ply the thin Red Planet skies. (Mars' atmosphere is just 1% as dense as that of Earth at sea level.)
The $80 million mission was a rousing success. The 4-pound (1.8 kilograms) Ingenuity was expected to make just five short hops on Mars but ended up flying 72 times over the course of nearly three years of activity. (Its first flight occurred on April 19, 2021, and its last was on Jan. 18, 2024.)
So NASA aimed higher, drawing up plans for future helicopter missions that could collect valuable scientific data. And such a mission is on course to launch in 2028, if all goes according to plan: Skyfall, which will send three Ingenuity-like choppers to Mars on a nuclear-powered rocket.
"Equipped with a suite of scientific instruments, these aerial scouts will map hidden ice deposits and analyze weather patterns," NASA officials wrote in a description of Skyfall. "The mission will also demonstrate how aerial vehicles can generate wide terrain and subsurface maps to identify safe and resource-rich destinations for future American astronauts venturing to Mars."
And Skyfall could be just another step toward even more ambitious aerial exploration on the Red Planet. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, which built and operated Ingenuity, is looking into larger, more capable Mars helicopters that could do a wider variety of work on the Red Planet.
This is all part of Viking 1's legacy. That historic touchdown on Mars half a century ago lifted exploration up — all the way into the skies of another world.
NASA's Curiosity rover snapped this image on the surface of Mars, and scientists think it's the wreckage of an ancient sandstorm. (Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)
NASA's Curiosity rover has uncovered evidence of ancient sandstorms on the Red Planet.
What is it?
Scientists think ancient Mars was quite different than it is today. While we might know it now as a barred, reddish wasteland, billions of years ago it actually had an atmosphere. Scientists even think that it had flowing rivers and expansive lakes.
And with observations from the Curiosity rover, researchers are exploring ancient sandstorms they think blew across the Martian landscape.
In this image Curiosity snapped, you can see what experts think is the aftermath of an especially extreme sandstorm in a spot nicknamed "Jawbone Canyon." Winds from this storm were likely so extreme that they pushed sand into rippling waves that eventually hardened into rock.
And if you really look closely at this image, you can almost see how the rocks appear to have ripples on them.
While the image was captured in 2024, a new investigation of the observation and discovery of this sandstorm was described in a study published this year in the journal Geology.
Why is it incredible?
This observation by Curiosity is part of a long history of exploration on the Martian surface that actually began 50 years ago today.
On July 20, 1976, NASA's Viking 1 lander touched down on the Red Planet. Aside from the Soviet Mars 3 lander that lasted only a few seconds on the world before losing contact, Viking 1 was the first Mars lander to survive landing and successfully went on to study the planet.
Viking-1 took the first-ever images on the surface of Mars, studied the planet's soil and really sparked investigation of whether or not the world may have ever supported life. Thanks to the success of this mission 50 years ago, today we have rovers like Curiosity and Perseverance on Mars leading us at the cutting edge of exploration.
In looking back and commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Viking missions to Mars, one is struck by the bold and audacious undertaking.
Twin spacecraft missions — each consisting of a lander and an orbiter — made their way to Mars and into the history books. The Viking 1 lander planted its legs on the terrain of Chryse Planitia 50 years ago today, on July 20, 1976, while its Viking 2 counterpart touched down at Utopia Planitia on Sept. 3 of that year.
Among their duties, the dual landers scooped up the first soil samples of Mars and deposited those precious collectibles into onboard, specialized equipment. Viking scientists had designed that gear to help answer an intriguing question: Is there life on Mars?
A model of NASA's Viking 1 lander here on Earth. On July 20, 1976, the spacecraft touched down on the surface of Mars. (Image credit: NASA)
One of Viking's instruments was a GCMS, a combination of a gas chromatograph (GC) and a mass spectrometer (MS). A positive GCMS detection could confirm the possibility that organics needed for the origin of life as we know it were present.
After interpreting all the data and information gleaned from ingested Martian soil, most scientists at the time concluded that Viking relayed a "no life on Mars" result.
But is it possible that the two robots actually radioed back a very clear comeback: "Can you repeat the question?"
Different techniques
Ben Clark was a member of the Viking science team, and the instrument he designed made the first-ever measurements of the chemical composition of Mars soil. He is now a senior research scientist at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.
"There were three life-detection experiments, each using different techniques to probe whether they could stimulate biological activity in the soil by adding various selected nutrients," Clark told Space.com. "Two were generally negative in their findings, but a third experiment had an expected strong response when it added nutrient."
Indeed, astrobiologist/inventor Gilbert Levin remained convinced that his Viking microbial detection instrument, called the Labeled Release experiment, did find living microorganisms in the soil of Mars. He held tight to that view until he passed in July 2021 at the age of 97.
Skeptical scientists
Clark recalled that many members of the scientific community were skeptical when geochemists pointed out that certain minerals can cause a similar response.
"Furthermore, when a second amount of nutrient was added, there was no additional response," Clark said. "Did the organisms die between experiments?"
Because of these responses, and especially because no organic molecules could be detected, most biologists concluded there was no life in the dirt that Viking tested. "However, there is also the question of whether the best nutrients were used in the Viking tests," Clark noted.
Microbiologists who study the small organisms that live in Earth soil, Clark added, know that some species are extremely adept at using sulfate as an energy source, by combining it with organics or with hydrogen gas.
"Unfortunately, none of the Viking life-detection experiments added hydrogen gas to their chambers," Clark said.
"Ironically, the instrument which searched for organics in the soil, the GCMS, used hydrogen gas in its analytical technique," he added. "Thus, there was a tank full of hydrogen gas located just centimeters away from the life-detection experiment package, but no connection between it and the GCMS where it was located."
This mosaic is made up of more than 100 images captured by NASA’s Viking 1 orbiter, which operated around Mars from 1976 to 1980. The scar across the center of the planet is the vast Valles Marineris canyon system. (Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
True positive detections?
Even today, there are some scientists who question whether some of the life-detection experimental results were in fact true positive detections, according to Clark.
"Other scientists believe that it was not enough to simply test the loose soil, but that life in fact may be just centimeters below the surface in areas where there is still ice in the ground," he said.
Clark said that no other planet in our solar system so closely matches the early history of our own planet Earth.
"Recent discoveries by the rovers now roaming Mars have revealed some detections of organic molecules, and even some so-called 'reduction spots,' which are interpreted by some geologists as evidence of activity of biological organisms," he said.
Misunderstood results
Steven Benner is an astrobiochemist and director of the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution in Alachua, Florida. He is author of the soon-to-be-issued "Meet the Neighbors: Life on Mars and How to Find It" (Penguin Press, 2026).
Benner has long argued that the results from Viking were misunderstood. He contends that the Red Planet remains an easily reached destination to discover a possible independent origin of life and draws upon the Viking records to spotlight how the scientific process has failed in this regard to date.
Tied to Viking's 50th anniversary, "I decided to write a grumpy 'take no prisoners' book that dispenses with politeness and focuses on the facts," Benner told Space.com.
Viking flyer from NASA Langley Research Center. The spacecraft were built by Martin Marietta with Langley in Hampton, Virginia managing the Viking project. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory handled the operations of the probes once in flight. (Image credit: Langley Research Center/The Viking Mars Missions Education and Preservation Project)
Misbegotten consensus
Benner said that his new book highlights two tales.
"Viking more likely than not found autotrophic microbial life on Mars, roughly 1,000 cells per gram — about what you might expect based on Earth analogs," said Benner.
The other story, he said, is that communities will defend a misbegotten "consensus" long after that consensus ceases to be defensible. They should not be beholden to a half century of mistakes, he emphasized.
The GCMS misinterpretation was 100% of the grounds for dismissing considerable life-positive data, according to Benner. So, he said, "we should then have gone back to the status quo ante, as Gil Levin did. But since 'consensus' in science is powerful, and Levin was polite, the community marginalized him."
Her late father, James Tillman, worked on Viking 1 and 2 and was a professor in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington.
"There are a variety of reasons it's important to preserve Viking data," Tillman told Space.com. Archiving how and why things were done on Viking from an engineering standpoint is vital, she said, as is safeguarding the science data accumulated during the Viking program.
"Science is dynamic. Instruments and missions are finite in what they collect, so every data is part of a growing body of knowledge coming in pieces of a much larger puzzle. We can't complete the puzzle without all of the data," said Tillman. "So every facet of Mars science is a tiny piece of the puzzle. For that reason, we need to keep all the pieces."
This is true of every engineering success and failure, she added.
"Our organization has records on both. Because of that, we can help industry reduce costs by making the archives available on failed tests as much as successful ones," Tillman said.
It takes many, many missions to get close to answers we theorize on, she pointed out. "And then there is inspiration. By preserving the past — the who, what and how — we inspire youth and the public to support endeavors and even join the workforce," she concluded.
Space technicians prepare the Viking 1 lander, encased in its bioshield, for its sterilization. (Image credit: NASA)
Contaminate and confuse
"The entire Viking mission — orbiters and landers — are one of the most important sets of data about the planet Mars," said Barry DiGregorio, an honorary research fellow for the Buckingham Center for Astrobiology in the United Kingdom. He is author of "Mars: The Living Planet" (Frog Books/1997).
"Indeed, the Viking biology data have become more important today than they were during the Viking mission," said DiGregorio. "Because Viking carried the very first suite of extant biology instruments to Mars, extreme care was given to the extensive heat sterilization protocols for the Viking landers."
Those protocols ensured that the Vikings did not carry large numbers of terrestrial microorganisms that might contaminate and confuse the actual soil sample results in its three onboard life-detection instruments, DiGregorio said.
Warning flag
However, DiGregorio is also waving a warning flag.
The recent discovery of never-before-detected extremophile microbes in spacecraft assembly clean rooms has made it important to take planetary protection protocols to a new level, said DiGregorio.
"Unfortunately, the search for extant life on Mars has been made much more difficult by unwittingly sending Earth's hardiest extremophile microorganisms there for the last 30 years," he said.
If Mars life is indeed spotted, extra effort will be required "to make sure it isn't earthly extremophile microbes we are detecting," DiGregorio added.
Both Viking landers ceased operating more than four decades ago. But they could still aid the Mars life search today, according to DiGregorio. Perhaps, he said, "comparing any new data found with archived Viking Lander biology data will be crucial in determining their interpretation."
Thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), astronomers have been given a glimpse of the mechanisms that supermassive black holes use to feed themselves. The observations could help scientists discover how supermassive black holes with masses millions, often even billions, of times that of the sun grew so fast so soon after the Big Bang.
While all large galaxies have supermassive black holes at their hearts, some are slumbering giants, consuming little surrounding gas and dust, while others are ravenously feeding and acting as the engines of bright central galactic regions called active galactic nuclei (AGN). These feeding black holes also blast matter from their poles in jets that can drive gas and dust — the raw material needed for star formation — out of their host galaxies, thus cutting off star birth and effectively "killing" these galaxies.
Plus, the powerful cosmic titans get really puzzling when astronomers using the JWST spot them before the universe was even 1 billion years old. That's because the mechanisms by which black holes devour matter to grow and then merge to create even more massive black holes should take at least 1 billion years to achieve supermassive status. This is even more confusing because theories also say the most ravenously feeding black holes (and thus the fastest growing) should also push the matter they use for this growth away, in effect putting themselves on a diet. So, with all this in mind, how did supermassive black holes grow so rapidly in the early universe?
One explanation suggests supermassive black holes push away gas, starving themselves as predicted, but also that this matter eventually cools and falls back to the black hole. That would allow for another period of feeding and thus growth.
This explanation further suggests that as this gas cools down, it forms "streamers," or filaments, of gas just a few hundred light-years wide but which stretch thousands of light-years long. These would fall back to the center of the galaxy and form a swirling disk around its incumbent black hole, once again feeding it and triggering a new period of growth. This would then restart the jets from the black hole, which would again cut off the cosmic titan's food supply, allowing the whole process to begin once more.
The process would in essence be a self-regulating cycle of feasting followed by fasting. However, the connection between these filaments and supermassive black holes has been elusive, meaning this mechanism has resisted confirmation.
"What JWST is revealing is that black holes may be the ultimate cosmic recyclers," team leader Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo of the Université de Montréal said in a statement. "They release enormous amounts of energy that heat their surroundings, yet that same gas can later cool into thin filaments that fall back inward and feed the black hole again. We are finally seeing this self-sustaining cycle in action."
A dieting supermassive black hole
To solve the mystery of feasting black holes, the JWST turned its attention to a relatively close AGN situated at the heart of the central galaxy of the Centaurus Cluster, NGC 4696, located just 145 million light-years from Earth.
The Hubble Space Telescope previously studied this galaxy, uncovering a strange, hook-shaped swirl of gas near the central supermassive black hole of NGC 4696.
The JWST followed up this discovery by producing a detailed map of gas flowing at the heart of the galaxy. This revealed the hook-shaped feature is around 800 light-years wide and is composed of gas moving at incredible speeds of around 1.3 million miles per hour (600 kilometers per second).
More excitingly, the swirl of gas appears to be connected to a vast filament of material falling in toward the central supermassive black hole.
The heart of the galaxy NGC 4696 in a combined view from the JWST and Hubble. (Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/J. Hlavacek-Larrondo, et al. 2026)
The team tested the JWST observations against a computer simulation, finding gas in the infalling filament scenario would indeed take a shape similar to that seen in NGC 4696.
"JWST is now showing us the final link of this closed loop," team member Helen Russell of the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Nottingham in the U.K. said in the statement. "The vast filamentary network of gas flows ultimately funnels gas down to a disk that fuels the black hole."
If you still picture Mars as a monotonous red desert, it may be time for an update.
The European Space Agency's Mars Express orbiter has been capturing some of the Red Planet's most surreal landscapes, and its latest images reveal a sprawling field that looks like molten metal frozen across the floor of an ancient Mars crater.
The shimmering "waves" aren't metal at all, however. They are dark sand dunes dusted with seasonal frost, much of it carbon dioxide, or "dry ice," that settles on the surface during Martian winters, giving the dunes their uncanny chrome-like sheen, according to ESA.
The rest is a trick of light and contrast. Because the dark sand absorbs light and the white frost reflects it, the interplay transforms the landscape into something that looks more like a scene from a sci-fi movie than a windswept Martian plain.
A bird's-eye view of wind-blown dunes in Kaiser Crater. (Image credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin)
Over thousands of years, Martian winds have sculpted this volcanic sand into dunes that now ripple through the floor of Kaiser Crater, a 129-mile-wide (207-kilometer-wide) impact basin in the planet's southern highlands. The bowl-shaped crater acts as a giant sand trap that prevents the sand from escaping, according to NASA.
The dunes themselves are darker than much of Mars' surface because they are made of fine, basaltic sand rich in volcanic minerals such as pyroxene and olivine, rather than the iron-oxide dust that gives the planet its familiar rusty-red appearance and its famous moniker, the Red Planet.
Because the crater floor remains visible between the ridges, scientists think there is a relatively limited sand supply shaping the field. Still, these ripples of sand are massive, extending for several kilometers and towering more than 100 meters (320 feet) above the surrounding terrain.
The landscape isn't just visually dramatic, it also preserves clues to a time when Mars was a very different world.
Today, Mars is wrapped in an atmosphere little more than a thin veil that is 100 times thinner than Earth's and slowly leaking into space. That makes it harder for winds to lift and transport sand than it is on our own planet. Yet the soaring dunes inside Kaiser Crater show that Martian winds have nonetheless been powerful enough to sculpt vast landscapes over time, perhaps during a period when the Martian atmosphere was thicker a few billion years ago.
The new image adds to a growing collection of striking Martian scenes captured by Mars Express, which has been orbiting the Red Planet since 2003. Just last month, the probe tracked a frenetic cluster of 30 dust devils swirling through the canyons of Mamers Valles, also in the northern hemisphere.
Over the spring and summer, the orbiter similarly spotlighted the planet's vast and complex geological history, from Shalbatana Vallis — carved by groundwater floods about 3.5 billion years ago into winding valleys that span the length of Italy — to a massive blanket of dark volcanic ash elsewhere on the world that has spread across a large chunk of the terrain over just the last 50 years, having either been redistributed by Martian winds or exposed as the overlying dust was blown away.
However desolate Mars may appear from afar, there is certainly no shortage of activity on its surface — or discoveries still waiting to be made.
Reboots and remakes may be all the rage in Hollywood with mixed degrees of success (we don't talk about the Nightmare on Elm Street reboot ... ever), but they aren't so popular in other forms of art such as painting. However, a recent cosmic rework of one of art's most well-regarded pieces could be just as breathtaking as its original counterpart.
That's all thanks to the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which has captured a vibrant view of the Corona Australis molecular cloud, that shows the star-forming region resembling a cosmic take on Vincent Van Gogh's iconic painting The Starry Night.
The Corona Australis Molecular Cloud measures around 16 light-years in diameter is located around 430 light-years from Earth, making it one of the closest star-birthing regions to our solar system. The molecular cloud and its dark lanes of gas and dust, the raw materials for star construction, are at the left of the DECam image.
A vibrant view of the Corona Australis Molecular Cloud as seen by the DECam painting a scene reminiscent of Van Gogh’s The Starry Night. (Image credit: Dark Energy Survey/DOE/FNAL/DECam/ CTIO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA)
Also prominent on the left of the image is the shining nebulaNGC 6729, which is a reflection nebula of the Corona Australis Molecular Cloud. That means that it is a cloud of interstellar dust that is reflecting the light of the newborn stars embedded within this molecular cloud.
NGC 6729 is composed of different elements that can be seen on the left side of the image. This includes an orange cloud that is actually the binary star system R Coronae Australis. This binary consists of a pre-main-sequence star that has gathered mass but hasn't yet triggered the fusion of hydrogen to helium in its core, and its companion, a red dwarf star. These stars orbit each other every 43 to 47 years and are incredibly bright, with their light also reflecting from nearby reflection nebulas. This light also ionizes nearby gas, creating glowing regions called emission nebulae, also part of NGC 6729.
At left, the young binary system R Coronae Australis illuminates surrounding gas and dust, while the glittering globular cluster NGC 6723 shines at upper right, far beyond the nearby stellar nursery. (Image credit: Dark Energy Survey/ DOE/ FNAL/ DECam/ CTIO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA)
To the top-right of the image is the globular clusterNGC 6723, nicknamed the Chandelier Cluster. Located around 29,000 light-years from Earth, NGC 6723 is thought to contain some of the oldest stars in the Milky Way.
The Chandelier Cluster contains tens of thousands to millions of stars, which aren't all ancient; within the spherically shaped globular cluster are more than a smattering of younger stars.
Astronomers and astrophotographers of all levels will be more than familiar with the Corona Australis Molecular Cloud and the Chandelier Cluster and this region as a whole.
But just as it took the artistic vision of Van Gogh to transform the night sky into a stunning painting, it has taken the observing power of the DECam, mounted on the Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescopeat Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in Chile, to bring out the stunning beauty of this slice of the night sky.
Smoke from wildfires across Canada travels across both Canada and the U.S. in this satellite image captured by NOAA-21 on July 14, 2026. (Image credit: NASA Earth Observatory/Lauren Dauphin)
The wildfires tearing across Canada are so extreme that the smoke billowing upward can be seen from space.
What is it?
Over 850 wildfires are currently devastating Canada, as reported by theCanadian Interagency Forest Fire Center. The fires are spreading across Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Ontario; most remain completely uncontrolled.
In addition to the immense destruction caused by the fires themselves, the smoke from these fires is causing serious concerns about dangerously poor air quality all across Canada and even in the northeastern United States. As far as New York, the air quality on Thursday (July 16) was labeled "very unhealthy" after the state activated emergency air quality protocols.
The smoke is so expansive it's clearly visible in this image captured on July 14 from Earth orbit.
Why is it noteworthy?
Studying wildfires and wildfire smoke from orbit can give us a bigger picture view of these catastrophic event. This data is important for disaster relief in the short term — but also in the long-term. With climate change continuing to progress due to human activities like burning coal for cheap power, we can expect natural disasters to worsen. Among the many effects of climate change, this includes longer and more intense wildfire seasons, especially in regions that are already susceptible to fire such as these regions across Canada.
The new image was captured by the NOAA-21 satellite with the instrument VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imagine Radiometer Suite). You can see massive plumes of smoke over southeastern Canada treading into the northeastern U.S. Thick smoke covers swaths of Canada's landscape and wisps of smoke trail all the way down through New York and across the U.S.
Most of this smoke, at least the smoke we can see in this satellite image, is coming from wildfires in northwestern Ontario. As the wildfires continue to burn, satellites like NOAA-21 will be keeping watch.
